And now users could either be given the all the frequency bands, but
for a time given, then we get time division multiple access, or the users
can be given a particular frequency for the whole time, we get FDMA. Or
the users could be given, like here, at some time one frequency, and at
another time another frequency, another time another frequency, giving
us the FT-matrix, or the CDMA code division multiple access.
Similarly, one could also consider space into account and get what is
known as the space/time and space/frequency, or the last one can even
combine all the three and you can get SFT, giving a large number of multiple
access. But then, obviously, complexity will be quite more.
Now quickly I wish to compare the three basic techniques of the multiple
access, namely the frequency division, the time division and code division.
In fact, they are being used in the cellular mobile communications.
FDMA, as you can see, is where I subdivide the given frequency band into
a smaller band and each user is assigned a separate frequency band for
the whole time. It is a simplest, obviously, it is best suited for analogue
signals, and that is why it was used for the analogue systems and other
analogue similar systems, each user has his own frequency band, as you
can see. Of course you require bandwidth between the two, lowing the efficiency
of the utilisation, the receivers have to tune the separate or desired
frequencies, and that can be done with the help of filters only. And that
is a great disadvantage, FDMA being based on filters, which are quite
bulky in nature. People do not want now FDMA to be used in cellular mobile
communications. Number of frequency is again limited, due to the given
number, to the given spectrum, they can be simply calculated by this,
that is a transmission bandwidth. Numbers of users, in case of the analogue
cellular systems, where 25 MHz is the spectrum allocated and 30 KHz per
channel you have roughly 833 channels, or 833 users could be supported
by this.
But this is not enough, if you want to have more number of users, obviously
you have to reuse the frequencies in the cellular concept, and because
of the reuse of the frequency, you will have a problem of the carrier
to interference ratio and then you have the capacity of the cells by this
relationship.
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